Researchers have discovered that the fear of predators causes flies to spend less time eating, more time being vigilant, have less sex, and produce fewer offspring.聽
Fear alone may contribute to the extinction of animal populations according to a recent study. When scientists from 成人VR视频 and the University of Guelph exposed fruit flies to the scent of a praying mantis, a known predator, they found that the risk of extinction increased up to seven fold. The increased risk of extinction occurred because at small population sizes, as the flies spent more time being vigilant and less time eating, populations that declined could not quickly rebound.
鈥淚t has been something of a mystery why predators are so important in animal extinctions,鈥� says Kyle Elliott, an assistant professor in 成人VR视频鈥檚 Dept. of Natural Resource Sciences and the first author of a recent study on the subject published in the . 鈥淎s prey populations decline, predators should simply switch to other prey. However, if, as we showed, the scent is sufficient to continue population decline, then even if the predators move on to other prey, and their scent disappears, this is unimportant for the survival of the population that is at risk whose numbers and reproductive ability have been critically affected by the passing smell of death.鈥�
It鈥檚 a finding that sheds light on a long-standing biological conundrum related to population size and extinction, known as the Allee effect, after Walter Clyde Allee, the man who first described the phenomenon.
Too much fear can be dangerous for survival鈥� but the same is true for too little fear. Read about the evolution of fear here.
A possible solution to a long-standing scientific question
Typically, animal populations show what is called 鈥渄ensity-dependence鈥�. This means that as a population increases, competition for food and mates increases, and reproductive success and survival decline. 聽One might assume that the reverse would also hold true. That is, that the smallest populations would have the highest vital (or growth) rates and would quickly rebound from declines in population. However, paradoxically, in some cases exactly the opposite happens and small populations have the lowest vital rates. This puzzling phenomenon is one aspect of what is known as the Allee effect.
By looking at fruit flies, rather than social animals, the researchers believe that they have gained a greater understanding of the role that fear may play in the decline and extinctions of various populations.
鈥淲hen scientists set out to look for the causes of the Allee effect in the past, they have tended to focus on intrinsic parameters, such as the difficulty finding a mate, inbreeding or social dysfunction in small populations,鈥� explains Elliott. 鈥淓xamples with predators were limited to social animals, such as meerkats, where small groups spend more time being vigilant and consequently are more likely to go extinct. We show that the same principles are true even in species such as fruit flies that are not in tightly-knit groups. Fear caused flies to spend less time eating, more time being vigilant, have less sex, and produce fewer offspring. We suggest that the fear effects become more pronounced as population size declines and lead to reduced resilience in small populations and an increased likelihood of extinction.鈥�
HOW THE EXPERIMENT WAS DONE
Scientists exposed varying sizes of populations of fruit flies to the scent of praying mantises during breeding and non-breeding seasons. They then measured how exposure to this smell affected the body weight and fecundity of the following generation of fruit flies. They discovered that in small populations, the scent of the predator was enough to significantly reduce both fecundity and offspring growth. This suggests that once a population has reached a limited size, the effect of fear alone may lead to its extinction.
To read 鈥淔ear creates an Allee effect: experimental evidence from seasonal populations鈥� by Kyle Elliott et al in the Proceedings of the Royal Society:
The research was funded by: NSERC.
Contacts:
Kyle Elliott, Dept. of Natural Resource Sciences, 成人VR视频
kyle.elliott [at] mcgill.ca
Katherine Gombay, Media Relations Office, 成人VR视频
katherine.gombay [at] mcgill.ca
Ryan Norris, Dept. of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph
rnorris [at] uoguelph.ca
Gustavo Betini, Dept. of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph
betinig [at] uoguelph.ca
