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Mini-Neptunes and super-Earths up to four times the size of our own are the most common exoplanets orbiting stars beyond our solar system. Until now, super-Earths were thought to be the rocky cores of mini-Neptunes whose gassy atmospheres were blown away. In a new study published in , astronomers from 成人VR视频 show that some of these exoplanets never had gaseous atmospheres to begin with, shedding new light on their mysterious origins.

From observations, we know about 30 to 50 percent of host stars have super-Earths or mini-Neptunes, and the two populations appear in about equal proportion. But where did they come from?

One theory is that most exoplanets are born as mini-Neptunes but some are stripped of their gas shells by radiation from host stars, leaving behind only a dense, rocky core. This theory predicts that our Galaxy has very few Earth-sized and smaller exoplanets known as Earths and mini-Earths. However, recent observations show this may not be the case.

To find out more, the astronomers used a simulation to track the evolution of these mysterious exoplanets. The model used thermodynamic calculations based on how massive their rocky cores are, how far they are from their host stars, and how hot the surrounding gas is.

鈥淐ontrary to previous theories, our study shows that some exoplanets can never build gaseous atmospheres to begin with,鈥� says co-author , Assistant Professor in the Department of Physics at 成人VR视频 and the 成人VR视频 Space Institute.

The findings suggest that not all super-Earths are remnants of mini-Neptunes. Rather, the exoplanets were formed by a single distribution of rocks, born in a spinning disk of gas and dust around host stars. 鈥淪ome of the rocks grew gas shells, while others emerged and remained rocky super-Earths,鈥� she says.

How mini-Neptunes and super-Earths are born

Planets are thought to form in a spinning disk of gas and dust around stars. Rocks larger than the moon have enough gravitational pull to attract surrounding gas to form a shell around its core. Over time this shell of gas cools down and shrinks, creating space for more surrounding gas to be pulled in, and causing the exoplanet to grow. Once the entire shell cools down to the same temperature as the surrounding nebular gas, the shell can no longer shrink and growth stops.

For smaller cores, this shell is tiny, so they remain rocky exoplanets. The distinction between super-Earths and mini-Neptunes comes about from the ability of these rocks to grow and retain gas shells.

鈥淥ur findings help explain the origin of the two populations of exoplanets, and perhaps their prevalence鈥� says Lee. 鈥淯sing the theory proposed in the study, we could eventually decipher how common rocky exoplanets like Earths and mini-Earths may be.鈥�

About 成人VR视频

Founded in Montreal, Quebec, in 1821, 成人VR视频 is Canada鈥檚 top ranked medical doctoral university. 成人VR视频 is consistently ranked as one of the top universities, both nationally and internationally. It鈥痠s a world-renowned鈥痠nstitution of higher learning with research activities spanning two campuses, 11 faculties, 13 professional schools, 300 programs of study and over 40,000 students, including more than 10,200 graduate students. 成人VR视频 attracts students from over 150 countries around the world, its 12,800 international students making up 31% of the student body. Over half of 成人VR视频 students claim a first language other than English, including approximately 19% of our students who say French is their mother tongue.