成人VR视频

Many Americans would probably say the answer to these questions is an obvious yes. Yet, for the past few decades researchers looking at the data haven鈥檛 been so sure: average job tenure (the number of years working for the same employer) has been surprisingly stable over time.

In a study, 鈥淯nmasking the Conflicting Trends in Job Tenure by Gender in the United States,1983鈥�2008,鈥� published in the February issue of the American Sociological Review, sociologists Matissa Hollister of 成人VR视频 and Kristin Smith of the University of New Hampshire solve this puzzle by breaking out trends in job tenure separately for men and women and by marital and parental status. Their study, which includes a supplemental analysis through 2012, shows that men and never-married women have seen declines in job tenure, but this trend was masked by increases in the job tenure of married mothers.

The authors argue that these divergent patterns, which kept overall average job tenure stable (7.15 years in both 1983 and 2012), point to two fundamental shifts in expectations and behaviors in the U.S. labor market. The first shift reflects employers鈥� and workers鈥� increasing belief that they are no longer expected or obligated to pursue long-term employment relationships. The second shift stems from a quiet revolution in married mothers鈥� behaviors and labor market expectations as women increasingly find identity through work, in the process reducing work disruptions due to childbirth.

Using data from the Current Population Survey, the primary source of U.S. labor-force statistics, the researchers found that the average job tenure among men slid from 8.3 years in 1983 to 7.4 years in 2012 鈥� an 11 percent decline. 鈥淭hat decrease may not seem dramatic, but it marks a broad and significant trend,鈥� says Hollister, an assistant professor of organizational behavior at 成人VR视频鈥檚 Desautels Faculty of Management.

Meanwhile, average job tenure among women rose 19 percent, from 5.8 years in 1983 to 6.9 years in 2012. Of particular note, married mothers experienced a more than 25 percent increase in job tenure, from 5 years in 1983 to 6.3 years in 1996.

Fewer employment disruptions around childbirth

The authors argue that job tenure for mothers is affected by two factors: levels of labor-market job stability and whether or not a disruption in employment occurs around childbirth. It is likely that married mothers faced declines in labor market stability similar to those for men and never-married women; but a shift toward more continuous work around the time of childbirth overwhelmed this effect. Indeed, the rise in married mothers鈥� job tenure through 1996 corresponds to a sharp increase in employment levels for married mothers with infants. The employment rate for married mothers with infants leveled off after 1996, however, and average job tenure for married mothers鈥� grew more slowly after that point. Never-married mothers with infants, in contrast, saw a jump in employment after 1996 and this corresponded with an increase in job tenure for never-married mothers during this period.

鈥淲orkplace changes and accommodations likely supported job continuity among married mothers,鈥� says Smith, a family demographer at the Carsey Institute and research assistant professor at the University of New Hampshire. 鈥淲ith rising access to job flexibility, family leave, and family-friendly workplace policies, some married working mothers may increasingly have found a way to balance the care of children and remain with their same employer.鈥� Further research is needed to fully assess the factors underlying this trend, the researchers say.

鈥淎lthough there is a statistical countercurrent among married mothers,鈥� Hollister adds, 鈥渢he consistent pattern of declining employer tenure among men and never-married women supports the popular perception that there is an underlying shift in the labor market toward short-term work arrangements and employment instability.鈥� 听

听